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STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (31 October 2007), 0708280104.

An appropriate model of recent human evolution is not only important to understand our own history, but it is necessary to disentangle the effects of demography and selection on genome diversity. Although most genetic data support the view that our species originated recently in Africa, it is still unclear if it completely replaced former members of the Homo genus, or if some interbreeding occurred during its range expansion. Several scenarios of modern human evolution have been proposed on the basis of molecular and paleontological data, but their likelihood has never been statistically assessed. Using DNA data from 50 nuclear loci sequenced in African, Asian and Native American samples, we show here by extensive simulations that a simple African replacement model with exponential growth has a higher probability (78%) as compared with alternative multiregional evolution or assimilation scenarios. A Bayesian analysis of the data under this best supported model points to an origin of our species approx141 thousand years ago (Kya), an exit out-of-Africa approx51 Kya, and a recent colonization of the Americas approx10.5 Kya. We also find that the African replacement model explains not only the shallow ancestry of mtDNA or Y-chromosomes but also the occurrence of deep lineages at some autosomal loci, which has been formerly interpreted as a sign of interbreeding with Homo erectus. 10.1073/pnas.0708280104
Nelson Fagundes, Nicolas Ray, Mark Beaumont, Samuel Neuenschwander, Francisco Salzano, Sandro Bonatto, Laurent Excoffier